In deze Kroniek wordt een selectie van de tussen mei 2021 en mei 2022 door de Hoge Raad gewezen arresten besproken. Daarbij komen onder meer uitspraken op het gebied van beroeps- en bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid, productaansprakelijkheid en werkgeversaansprakelijkheid aan de orde.

Podwyższeniu ma ulec maksymalny wymiar kar pieniężnych nakładanych na związki przedsiębiorców przez organ ochrony konkurencji i konsumentów. A w przypadku niewypłacalności związku, przewiduje się odpowiedzialność solidarną jego członków.

Example: A obtains judgment against B and C for RM500,000. Are B and C liable to equal proportions of the judgment sum, i.e., RM250,000 each, or are they each liable for RM500,000?

This distinction between "joint liability" and "joint and several liability" was recently clarified by the Federal Court.

Brief facts

In a relationship between a creditor and debtor, the issue of liability is always a cause of concern. This is made even more apparent when there is more than one debtor involved as the terms of liability is not necessarily clear. Among the popular issues of contention is whether the debtors’ liability is joint or joint and several. In this commentary, we will explore this artificial distinction through the recent Federal Court case of Lembaga Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja v. Edwin Cassian Nagappan @ Marie [2021] 1 LNS 928.

The Finance Act received Royal Assent on 22 July 2020, bringing in significant changes for the restructuring market, as well as businesses that become insolvent.

The two principal measures being brought in are:

Nach einer umwandlungsrechtlichen Spaltung haften die übertragende Gesellschaft und die übernehmende Gesellschaft gegenüber den Versorgungsberechtigten zehn Jahre lang als Gesamtschuldner für die Pensionsverpflichtungen. Wird eine der beteiligten Gesellschaften insolvent, hat der Pensions-Sicherungs-Verein (PSV) einen Anspruch gegen die andere beteiligte Gesellschaft, denn der Anspruch der Versorgungsberechtigten gegen die andere Gesellschaft aufgrund der Gesamtschuld geht auf ihn über.

Who should bear the risk and ultimately the financial burden of insolvent wrongdoers when determining the liability of defendants to a plaintiff?  The defendants, or the plaintiff?

The Law Commission revisits this question in an Issues Paper, published last week, after recommending in 1998 to retain the traditional position.¹ 

While Canada’s legal system will be familiar to many foreign investors and companies, the Canadian legal system and laws have a number of unique aspects that might surprise you. Understanding these unique aspects of Canadian law is critical to your business success in Canada. Gowling WLG understands the challenges of establishing and conducting business in this country. With offices in major cities across Canada, we provide effective counsel and insightful business solutions that help our clients access the full potential of the Canadian marketplace.

Key Points:

For a company to be entitled to subrogation under section 560, it must ensure that it meets the strict requirements of section 560 and does not pay entitlements directly to the relevant company's employees.

I  FRAMEWORK OF AVAL

Legal Framework of Aval

The aval consists of a personal guarantee of obligations that is typical of debt securities – in particular bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheques – and enormously important given how often the same is used in practice in the commercial activity, namely the provision of aval to commercial companies, makers of debt securities.